General Motors has begun gradually cutting its presence in South Korea after mounting labor costs and militant unionism triggered a rethink of its reliance on the country for a fifth of its global production, people familiar with the situation say.
The U.S. automaker's plan, which already appears to have been put into action with recent decisions to shift production of newer models away from South Korea, highlights complaints from both local and foreign car makers about rapidly rising wage costs in the world's seventh-largest exporting nation.
"We need to make sure we mitigate risk in (South Korea), not over the next 2-3 years but over time, not to become too dependent on one product source," said one source who declined to be identified due to the sensitivity of the matter.
"If something goes wrong in Korea, whether it is cost, politics, or unions, it has an immediate impact."
GM made South Korea one of its main production hubs after its 2002 purchase of failed local maker Daewoo Motors. The country accounts for slightly more than 20 percent of GM's annual global production of some 9.5 million cars. More than 80 percent of those GM cars made in the country are exported.
The sources, all privy to high-level discussions inside GM about the future of its South Korean strategy, said labor costs had risen sharply over the past decade, turning the country into a high-cost base -- a problem exacerbated by the South Korean currency's relative strength over the past year.
GM Korea's labor union disagrees and believes GM's talk of reducing its presence is a bluff designed to intimidate workers against seeking further pay hikes. Last month, GM Korea reached an annual wage settlement that included bonuses of 10 million won ($9,000) per member, according to the GM Korea labor union.
"Our view is that management is making threats to pressure us and make us cooperate," union spokesman Choi Jong-hak said.
However, GM appears to have already begun easing its reliance on South Korea, leading some union leaders to tell Reuters on condition of anonymity that they fear an eventual shuttering of some GM factories in the country.
GM told its South Korean labor union last year it would not produce the next-generation Chevrolet Cruze, a compact car, in Korea, though it indicated it planned to continue to produce the current model there as a lower-cost strategic car for emerging markets. It has not specified where it expects to make the new car, though Spain is rumored to be the choice.
Two individuals familiar with GM's product-development plans said the automaker had also shifted the Cruze's lead development team out of Korea to its technical center near Detroit.
The company has similar plans for the Opel Mokka, a subcompact SUV it makes in South Korea and exports to Europe as the Mokka and to China and the United States as the Buick Encore. GM said it planned to shift a large chunk of production of the car's redesigned model to Spain from the second half of 2014, initially using kits brought in from Korea. GM Korea would keep producing its current model in South Korea.
For much of the past decade, GM Korea has been a successful venture. It combined GM's global reach with the former Daewoo's small car technology, which GM lacked. Daewoo's technology played a key role in powering GM for a relatively quick comeback from its bankruptcy in 2009, allowing the Detroit-based firm to make inroads in China and other high-growth emerging markets.
But wages have been surging in Korea.
At GM Korea, labor cost per vehicle is set to hit $1,133 this year, according to a slide presentation that GM Korea management gave to the union over the past year, said a union official who attended the presentation. That compares to an average $677 per vehicle across GM's international operations.
The sources said that GM Korea's per-vehicle labor cost was on par with Spain and Russia, or "the lower end of the scale of what GM considers as a high-cost country", one said.
Now, combined with a stronger won and the recent bout of geopolitical tensions on the Korean peninsula, GM believes its risk-exposure to South Korea has become excessive and needs to be "rebalanced", one of the sources said.
GM Chief Executive Dan Akerson voiced his concerns about rising costs to South Korean President Park Geun-hye during her visit to Washington in May, two sources said. A spokeswoman for President Park declined to comment.
GM Korea CEO Sergio Rocha this year told Reuters that GM Korea's labor costs would rise 10-12 percent if it was forced to count bonuses as part of a worker's regular pay.
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