A referendum to expand the Panama Canal appeared headed for easy approval Sunday, after thousands of supporters in green “Yes” T-shirts cast ballots endorsing the largest modernization project in the 92-year history of the shortcut between the seas.
Slightly more than 80 percent of Panamanians voted in favor of the $5.25 billion upgrade with 6 percent of 4,416 polling stations reporting, according to preliminary results released by the Electoral Tribunal. Just less than 20 percent opposed to the plan.
Early returns appeared to confirm fears about dismally low turnout among the country’s more than 2.1 million voters, suggesting an abstention rate of more than 60 percent.
The overhaul would allow the canal to handle modern container ships, cruise liners and tankers that are too large for its current 108-foot-wide locks by building a third set of locks on the Pacific and Atlantic ends by 2015.
The Panama Canal Authority, the autonomous government agency that runs the canal, says the project will double capacity of a waterway already on pace to generate about $1.4 billion this year. Expansion will be paid for by increasing tolls and take in more than $6 billion annually in revenue by 2025.
“Voting ’no’ is like closing the door on the canal. It’s the top source of income for Panama and improving it means more money for the government and less poverty,” said Leonardo Aspira, a boat salesman who sported a “Yes” shirt and baseball hat in Kuna Nega, a largely Indian town of dirt roads and banana trees on the outskirts of Panama City.
The canal employs 8,000 workers and the expansion is expected to generate as many as 40,000 construction jobs. Unemployment in Panama is 9.5 percent, and 40 percent of the country lives in poverty.
Corruption concerns
Critics contend the expansion will benefit the canal’s customers more than Panamanians, and fear it will stoke corruption and uncontrolled debt if costs balloon.
“The expansion is necessary, but we all have to watch closely, make sure there isn’t embezzlement and corruption,” said Igor Meneses, a 34-year-old advertising executive who was waiting to vote in Panama City. “With that kind of money, there’s a lot to steal.”
President Martin Torrijos, an outspoken supporter of expansion, called the referendum “probably the most important decision of this generation,” after voting.
Opponents of the expansion plan complained about electoral foul play.
On the sweltering streets of Panama City, some wore red shirts and smocks supporting a ’No’ vote. But they were far outnumbered by those in shirts, bandanas, caps and vests supporting expansion. Cars and trucks with “Yes” bumper stickers and flags jammed streets.
Former President Guillermo Endara, who dressed in red from head to toe to show his opposition to expansion, complained that polling place workers wore “Yes” clothing and handed out cards with directions on where and how to vote with propaganda supporting the plan printed on the opposite side.
“That’s vote-buying,” Endara said.
School buses and vans with “yes” signs stuck to the side were also seen whisking voters from poor, crowded neighborhoods to polling places to vote.
But Albert Ramdin, assistant secretary-general for the Washington-based Organization of American States, said polling place and transportation workers supporting a position did not violate electoral law in Panama.
Ramdin, heading a mission of 50 observers, said voting had been orderly but that “generally I believe most people say that this turnout is a bit lower than they had seen before in general elections.”
The United States arranged for Panamanian independence from Colombia to build the canal, and ran it from 1914 to 1999. Torrijos’ father, strongman Omar Torrijos, signed a treaty with President Carter in 1977 to cede control of the waterway back to Panama, a decision that also was approved by Panamanians in a referendum.
Defeat could have grave consequences
Canal administrator Alberto Aleman Zubieta said a defeat for the plan could have grave consequences for Panama. “Shippers will have to look for other routes because Panama won’t have the capacity for them,” he said.
International shipping companies have generally backed the plan as a way to create further options for trade between Asia and the East Coast of the United States.
“We’ve got to recognize that things have changed,” said Fernando Rivera, the Puerto Rican president-elect of the Caribbean Shipping Association. “Boats are bigger and business needs this expansion.”