With the economy in a slide and the credit markets seized up, states are slashing budgets, eliminating jobs, putting major construction projects on hold and nervously waiting to see whether their shriveled pension funds recover.
They are also weighing lawsuits against Wall Street firms. And at least one state — California — may ask Washington to come to the rescue.
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger warned he may have to beg the federal government for a short-term loan to cover operating costs for schools, nursing homes and police if the nation's most populous state is unable to borrow a short-term $7 billion on the credit market.
Dozens of states are expecting big drop-offs in revenue and dispiriting pension-fund losses, and are making another round of emergency spending cuts on top of deep cutbacks earlier in the year, when the economy began softening and the mortgage crisis started to unfold.
"I think everybody agrees: The iceberg is in sight," said Murray Levy, a Maryland state lawmaker.
New York, the capital of the nation's financial industry, is grappling with the highest unemployment rate since the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks and a $1.2 billion deficit that could balloon to $2 billion by the end of the fiscal year March 31.
"We're going to have to take drastic action," Gov. David Paterson said.
Payroll cuts
In Massachusetts, Gov. Deval Patrick may ask state lawmakers for the power to make midyear cuts to close a $223 million budget gap. Massachusetts also saw its pension fund shrink by nearly $4 billion in September alone to about $46 billion.
States such as Massachusetts, Indiana, Washington, Pennsylvania and Colorado are either putting a freeze on hiring or hoping to reduce their payroll through attrition.
With tax revenue expected to fall at least $2.5 billion short of previous estimates, Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine ordered 570 layoffs, cut college funding by at least 5 percent and postponed state employee raises from next month until next summer.
Washington Gov. Chris Gregoire suspended the early stages of a program that would give employees paid family leave.
In Utah, more than 19,000 people who received vision, physical therapy, speech therapy and other benefits from Medicaid will lose those services. North Carolina's governor told state agencies to plan for a 3 percent budget cut, and canceled the purchase of a $9 million jet for showing off the state to executives looking for places to do business.
Transportation woes
Transportation projects and other capital spending have taken a hit because the crisis has made it difficult to borrow money on the bond market.
In Missouri, plans to repair the St. Louis airport and fix 802 of the state's worst bridges have been delayed or scrapped. So has an expansion of Minnesota's 911 communication system. The crunch also threatens the building of new schools in Connecticut and prison construction in Iowa.
Massachusetts successfully sold $750 million in bonds to pay state bills this week, but only after twice delaying the sale because of the paralyzed credit market.
In some states, the fiscal woes have bubbled over into anger and threats of lawsuits.
West Virginia's governor has asked his staff to research possible legal action after the state suffered deep losses in pension funds with holdings in Wall Street players like AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch and Washington Mutual.
"I want somebody to pay," Gov. Joe Manchin said. "It's outrageous. We should be looking at the people who walked away with the money."
New Jersey investment chief William Clark said the state pension board is considering legal action against Lehman Brothers after the state bought about $180 million of Lehman stock in June and sold it for a loss of about $100 million.
The attorneys general and Connecticut and other states are investigating investment banks for alleged misleading and deceptive statements regarding sales of mortgage-backed securities. Connecticut also sued three of the nation's leading credit rating firms, accusing them of giving artificially low ratings to cities and towns.
"The federal government has been asleep at the switch and my hope is that the SEC and other federal agencies will be more active and aggressive," Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal said.