Contrary to what was known, all octopuses are venomous, a new study finds.
Researchers knew that the blue-ringed octopus packed venom. Now they say all octopuses and cuttlefish, and some squid are . In fact they all share a common, ancient venomous ancestor, the study indicates, and the work suggests new avenues for .
While the blue-ringed octopus species remain the only group that are dangerous to humans, the other species have been quietly using their venom for predation, such as paralyzing a clam into opening its shell.
"Venoms are toxic proteins with specialized functions such as paralyzing the nervous system" said Bryan Fry of the University of Melbourne. "We hope that by understanding the structure and mode of action of venom proteins we can benefit drug design for a range of conditions such as pain management, allergies and cancer."
While many creatures have been examined as a basis for drug development, cephalopods (octopuses, cuttlefish and ) remain an untapped resource and their venom may represent a unique class of compounds.
Fry obtained tissue samples from cephalopods ranging from Hong Kong, the Coral Sea, the Great Barrier Reef and Antarctica. The team — scientists from the University of Brussels and Museum Victoria — then analyzed the genes for venom production from the different species and found that a venomous ancestor produced one set of venom proteins, but over time additional proteins were added to the chemical arsenal.
The origin of these genes also sheds light on the , presenting a prime example of convergent evolution where species independently develop similar traits.
The team will now work on understanding why very different types of venomous animals seem to consistently settle on the similar venom protein composition, and which physical or chemical properties make them predisposed to be useful as toxin.
"Not only will this allow us to understand how these animals have assembled their arsenals, but it will also allow us to better exploit them in the development of new drugs from venoms," Fry said. "It does not seem a coincidence that some of the same protein types have been recruited for use as toxins across the animal kingdom."