In the wake of several recent instances of air traffic controllers sleeping on the job, the Federal Aviation Administration is promising a "top-to-bottom review" of current policies, though some scientists say controlled naps are just what tired workers need.
"We need to do better at the FAA," Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood said Friday during an interview on the TODAY Show. "We need to make sure that safety continues to be our No. 1 priority, that we have professional people in these control towers that can guide planes in and out, and there should be at least two people in those towers all the time."
FAA Administrator Randy Babbitt and Paul Rinaldi, interim president of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, will travel the country next week to hear from controllers.
"We're going to do a top-to-bottom review about control towers and about controllers and about the hours they work, and make sure that we're going to get it right in terms of work hours and workplace rules," LaHood said.
The best solution to the fatigue problem, some experts suggest, is more sleeping on the job.
"There should be sanctioned on-shift napping. That's the way to handle night shift work," said Gregory Belenky, a sleep expert at Washington State University in Spokane.
There are plenty of other scientists in the U.S. and around the world who agree with him. Sleep studies show that nighttime workers who are allowed "recuperative breaks" are more alert when they return to their tasks.
A working group on controller fatigue made up of officials from the FAA and the union that represents air traffic controllers recently embraced that position as well.
Asleep at the switch
The issue has taken on a new urgency as the FAA tries to deal with the high-profile fallout of sleeping controllers.
There have been four recent episodes in which the FAA says controllers fell asleep while on duty. The most recent case occurred this week when the pilot of a plane transporting a critically ill passenger was unable to raise the sole controller working at 2 a.m. in the tower of the Reno-Tahoe International Airport in Nevada.
The FAA said the controller was out of communication for 16 minutes. Controllers at a regional radar facility in California assisted the plane, which landed safely.
The episodes have sent administration officials scrambling to assure the public and angry members of Congress that air travel is indeed safe. Even President Barack Obama weighed in, telling ABC News in an interview, "We've got it under control."
"What we also have to look at is air traffic control systems," Obama acknowledged. "Do we have enough backup, do we have enough people, are they getting enough rest time?"
LaHood cemented that sentiment on Friday, saying: "This is one of the most important safety jobs in America. We'll make sure that the right people — the most professional people — are in those control towers so that safety is always the No. 1 priority."
The FAA and the controllers union — with assistance from NASA and the Mitre Corp., among others — has come up with 12 recommendations for tackling sleep-inducing fatigue among controllers. Among those recommendations is that the FAA change its policies to give controllers on midnight shifts as much as two hours to sleep plus a half-hour to wake up.
Dozing off is forbidden
That would mark a profound change from current regulations that can make sleeping controllers subject to suspension or dismissal.
Yet, at most air traffic facilities, it's common for two controllers working together at night to engage in unsanctioned sleeping swaps whereby one controller works two jobs while the other controller naps and then they switch off, present and former controllers told The Associated Press. The controllers requested not to be named because they didn't want to jeopardize their jobs or co-workers' jobs.
Controllers are often scheduled for a week of midnight shifts followed by a week of morning shifts and then a week of swing shifts, a pattern that sleep scientists say interrupts the body's natural sleep cycles.
Another common schedule compresses five eight-hour work shifts as close together as possible while still allowing controllers eight hours off in between each shift. The advantage is that controllers then get three days off at the end. But the shift is known as the "rattler" because controllers say it doubles back and bites those who work it.
Sleep scientists long have known that fatigue affects human behavior much like alcohol, slowing reaction times and eroding judgment. People suffering from fatigue sometimes focus on a single task while ignoring other, more urgent needs.
One of the working group's findings was that the level of fatigue created by several of the shift schedules worked by 70 percent of the FAA's 15,700 controllers can have an impact on behavior equivalent to a blood-alcohol level of .04 That's half the legal driving limit of .08.
More than two decades ago, NASA scientists concluded that airline pilots were more alert and performed better during landings when they were allowed to take turns napping during the cruise phase of flights. The FAA chose to ignore recommendations that U.S. pilots be allowed "controlled napping."
Several countries — including France, Germany, Canada and Australia — permit napping by controllers during breaks in their work shifts, said Peter Gimbrere, who heads the controllers association's fatigue mitigation effort. Germany even provides controllers sleep rooms with cots, he said.
Paid to nap
One recommendation by the working group would require at least nine hours off between shifts instead of the current eight. Another would allow controllers to sleep during the 20-minute to 30-minute breaks they typically receive while working daytime shifts. Now, they can watch TV, play cards, have a snack — but not sleep.
The recommendations were presented to FAA Administrator Randy Babbitt in January. The agency is still is reviewing them, FAA spokeswoman Laura Brown said.
But paying controllers who nap at work may be a tough sell in Congress. One influential lawmaker said building in time to sleep on the job is unacceptable.
"I think that is totally bogus," Rep. John Mica, R-Fla., chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, told the AP. "There are so many professions that have to work long hours. I was greeted this morning by a young surgeon that had been working all night in an ER."
Bill Voss, president of the Flight Safety Foundation in Alexandria, Va., and a former air traffic controller, disagreed.
"It's not outrageous to have people in a safety job rest on duty," Voss said, citing ER doctors and firefighters who have similar practices.
"What is crazy," Voss said, "is putting two people onto a shift in a dark room with no noise and telling them to stare out a window and do nothing for eight hours, but to never fall asleep."
Information from The Associated Press is included in this report.