Presidents Barack Obama and Hu Jintao of China are instructing their diplomats to work on potential sanctions to make clear to Iran the cost of continued nuclear defiance, the White House said Monday.
The two leaders met on the sidelines of a U.S.-hosted summit on nuclear proliferation.
White House national security aide Jeff Bader sought to find common ground at their hour-long meeting. Bader said the Chinese were “prepared to work with us.”
He called it another sign of international unity on the issue.
Obama optimistically opened the 47-nation nuclear summit, boosted by Ukraine’s announcement that it will give up its weapons-grade uranium. More sobering: Obama’s counterterrorism chief pointedly warned that al-Qaida is vigorously pursuing material and expertise for a bomb.
Ukraine’s decision dovetailed with Obama’s goal of securing all vulnerable nuclear materials worldwide within four years — an objective that the White House hopes will be endorsed by all summit countries at a closing session Tuesday, even if the means to accomplish it are unclear.
Before formally opening the summit with a reception and working dinner, Obama held a series of one-on-one meetings with leaders from China, Jordan, Ukraine, Armenia and Malaysia. Presidential aides billed the summit as the largest gathering of world leaders hosted by an American president since the 1945 conference in San Francisco that founded the United Nations.
Obama looks for 'concrete actions'
In a brief exchange with reporters, Obama said of the summit: “It’s impressive. I think it’s an indication of how deeply concerned everybody should be with the possibilities of nuclear traffic, and I think at the end of this we’re going to see some very specific, concrete actions that each nation is taking that will make the world a little bit safer.”
The talks are a centerpiece of Obama’s broader agenda for ridding the world of nuclear weapons, a long-term process that he says should include gradual disarmament by the nuclear powers, stronger steps to head off a nuclear arms race and more urgent action to lock down tons of plutonium and highly enriched uranium that are the key building blocks of atomic weapons.
According to Harvard’s Belfer Center, there are about 3.5 million pounds of highly enriched uranium and half a million pounds of bomb-grade plutonium in the world. Combined, they could be used to build as many as 200,0000 nuclear weapons, or about 8½ times the world’s current total of 23,360 warheads.
Not all countries share Obama’s view that the nuclear-materials problem is a priority. Some think the bigger emphasis should be on disarmament, particularly by the United States and Russia, which despite recent reductions still possess 90 percent of the world’s nuclear arms.
At a parallel unofficial conference of more than 200 international nuclear experts, participants said too many leaders don’t share Obama’s urgency about nuclear ingredients.
“There is a great complacency among policymakers around the world that terrorist groups couldn’t make a nuclear bomb,” said Matthew Bunn of Harvard.
Pakistani physicist Pervez Hoodbhoy focused on his home region, where both Pakistan and India are building up their nuclear arsenals.
“Unfortunately, I do not see this concern either in Pakistan or India about nuclear terrorism,” he said. “Both countries do not see the seriousness of this situation.”
Seeking to highlight the urgency of the threat posed by terrorists in pursuit of a nuclear bomb, John Brennan, the White House’s counterterrorism chief, told reporters that al-Qaida is actively in search of the key ingredients for a bomb and the expertise to assemble it.
He said such an improvised device could be obtained through criminal gangs or by infiltrating nuclear labs in Pakistan or other nuclear nations.
Defense Secretary Robert Gates said Obama’s conference offers a way to reinforce existing global controls on nuclear materials.
“It’s an area that people talk about a lot, but frankly there hasn’t been the concerted international attention in these two areas that there might have been,” Gates said at the Pentagon. “I think that it creates some real opportunities.”
Another major concern of many attendees at the conference is that Iran will build or obtain a nuclear weapon.
Iran was a major topic of a lengthy meeting between Obama and Hu, said White House national security aide Jeff Bader. “They’re prepared to work with us,” Bader said of the Chinese position on Iran, a stance he called a sign of international unity.
He said Obama and Hu agreed that a set of potential sanctions should make clear to Iran the cost of continued nuclear defiance. Yet there was no breakthrough, and Chinese spokesman Ma Zhaoxu did not mention sanctions in his more-general statement on the meeting.
“China and the United States share the same overall goal on the Iranian nuclear issue,” the Chinese statement said.
Iran’s U.N. Ambassador Mohammad Khazee declared Obama’s new nuclear policy, which excludes Iran from a U.S. pledge not to use nuclear weapons against countries that do not have them, an act of “state terrorism” because it threatens nations with weapons of mass destruction.
“This policy of nuclear blackmail and terror” runs counter to international law and the U.N. Charter and “must be denounced by the international community and all peace-loving nations,” Khazee told a General Assembly committee considering a draft Comprehensive Convention on Terrorism.
Ukraine, which gave a major boost to arms control in 1994 when it agreed to surrender the nuclear weapons it inherited in the collapse of the Soviet Union, agreed to get rid of its weapons-grade fuel by 2012, according to the White House. Some details are yet to be worked out, including how and where the fuel will be disposed of, White House press secretary Robert Gibbs said.
Gibbs said the material could be sent to the U.S. or Russia. He declined to specify the amount, other than to say it was enough to make several nuclear weapons.
After a private meeting, Obama and Ukraine President Viktor Yanukovych issued a statement in which Obama praised the agreement as historic and pledged U.S. technical and financial assistance to support it. No dollar amount was mentioned.
Terrorist fears
As for nuclear risks from terrorists, Brennan said that al-Qaida and other groups “know that, if they are able to acquire highly enriched uranium or separated plutonium and turn it into a weapon, they would have the ability not only to threaten our security and world order in an unprecedented manner but also to kill and injure many thousands of innocent men, women, and children, which is al-Qaida’s sole agenda.”
The counterterror chief said international criminal gangs, aware of al-Qaida’s interest, are a potential source of key materials. He said some criminal groups have tricked al-Qaida by offering sales of phony materials, but al-Qaida has responded by developing the scientific expertise it needs to weed out scams.
Al-Qaida also is a threat to penetrate the nuclear establishments of countries like Pakistan, where al-Qaida leadership resides, Brennan said.
“Al-Qaida is looking for those vulnerabilities and facilities and stockpiles in different countries that would allow them to obtain the byproducts of nuclear reactors and materials that they can use, but also to go after those individuals that might have access to the materials, as well as individuals who have the expertise that they need to actually fabricate and improvise a nuclear device,” he said.
Asked whether there is evidence that they’ve tried such inroads in Pakistan, Brennan replied, “There’s evidence of their attempts to do that. I would like to think that we have been able to thwart their success to date.”
In a detailed report on the challenge of securing nuclear materials, Harvard’s Bunn said no one really knows the likelihood of nuclear terrorism.
“But the consequences of a terrorist nuclear blast would be so catastrophic that even a small chance is enough to justify urgent action to reduce the risk,” he wrote. “The heart of a major city could be reduced to a smoldering radioactive ruin, leaving tens to hundreds of thousands of people dead.”