Who should get the flu shot first: A sick nursing home resident or a toddler? A pregnant woman or a jail inmate with AIDS?
Those are the choices health officials across the country are struggling with as the government doles out the nation’s short supply of flu shots. The decisions are so daunting that federal health officials are consulting medical ethicists to help come up with clearer guidelines for the future.
But ultimately, it’s up to cities, counties and states to decide.
In Sacramento, Calif., flu shots are going first to the chronically ill elderly in nursing homes, followed by health care providers of patients with compromised immune systems. The few shots in Troy, N.C., are being saved for the elderly and pregnant women.
In Larimer County, Colo., shots go first to nursing home residents and staff, high-risk children under 9, and, if there’s any vaccine left, jail inmates with HIV.
State health officials “have been dealing with a lot of ethical issues,” said Dr. Jody Hershey of the National Association of County and City Health Officials, which has been monitoring the vaccine shortage along with the Atlanta-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
“They’ve been questioning whether to send shots to nursing homes or whether to keep them for community health clinics.”
Not enough to go around
There just isn’t enough vaccine to go around. Only 61 million doses are available this season, including a nasal vaccine appropriate only for healthy people. But 98 million people, including 9 million children — some of whom should get two flu shots for it to be effective — need the vaccine.
Seeking to ease fears about shortages, CDC Director Julie Gerberding said Wednesday the flu season is starting slowly and that this year’s shot seems to be a good match to the strain of the virus most likely to affect Americans. But she said there’s no way to predict whether the flu season will be mild or severe.
High-risk groups include people who are most likely to suffer severe complications or death from the flu, such as babies and toddlers ages 6-23 months; anyone 65 years or older; anyone with chronic medical conditions such as heart or lung disease; pregnant women; residents of long-term care facilities; children on chronic aspirin therapy; health workers who care for high-risk patients; and caregivers and household contacts of babies under 6 months.
There’s no clear answer as to which of those groups should get the flu shot first. The CDC and its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices want each community to make those decisions.
Targeted distribution
Meanwhile the CDC is working on the best way to target the remaining vaccine “in the most equitable way possible,” Gerberding said.
The CDC’s Dr. Lance Rodewald said a panel of four medical ethicists are discussing ways to set guidelines for similar kinds of crises in the future.
“At some point, we run out of evidence and may have some decisions to make” as health officials, Rodewald said. “Equity is something on a lot of people’s minds.”
A survey by Hershey’s organization has found varying applications of CDC recommendations on who should get the shot. Nursing home residents have the top priority in Fargo, N.D., and Douglas County, Ore. Residents in Longmeadow, Mass., like those in Bloomfield, N.J., will line up to try to win a flu shot in a lottery for people at high-risk.
Health officials and flu shot makers initially planned this season on having more than 100 million doses, the biggest supply ever. But earlier this month flu-shot maker Chiron Corp. announced it could not ship its 48 million doses after British health officials suspended the maker’s license because of contamination problems with the company’s Liverpool plant.
Each year, the flu hospitalizes about 200,000 people and kills on average 36,000 people in the United States, the CDC says.