Astronomers have pieced together what appears to be the first direct evidence that solar storms can wreak havoc with comets, destroying the ion tails of icy wanderers in a collision of highly charged particles.
But the effect is not permanent and may serve as a marker for scientists trying to track solar storms known as coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, as they blow out into space.
"What we have now is sort of a new tool of tracking these ejections," said Geraint Jones, co-investigator of the comet study and a researcher at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "It's like dropping paint into a flowing river of water."
The ion tails of comets constantly stream away from the sun, pushed back by solar wind blowing at about 894,774 mph (400 kilometers per second). But the charged particles of CMEs, among the worst of solar storms, can slam into a comet's ion tail at about 2.2 million mph (1,000 kilometers per second), causing kinks, scalloped patterns or disrupting the tail altogether, Jones' research found.
"We're still far from having a full understanding of what's going on [with CMEs]," Jones told Space.com.
By watching comet tail behavior, researchers could learn more about changes in CME structure and speed as they move through space, researchers added.
"When [CMEs] move outward, we know there's a lot of change, but that's it," explained Douglas Biesecker, a physicist with the Space Environment Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "It would be a little more useful if there were a lot more comets out there."
The study, conducted by Jones and his colleague John Brandt at the University of New Mexico, appeared in the online version of the journal Geophysical Research Letters and will appear in the journal's upcoming print edition.
Comet distortion
At the heart of Jones' study is Comet 153P/Ikeya-Zhang, which passed through the inner solar system during spring 2002.
Jones and Brandt were able to identify specific interactions between CMEs and Ikeya-Zhang's ion tail by combining data from the sun-watching spacecraft and observations collected by amateur astronomers.
CME events recorded by SOHO instruments on March 2, March 9-10 and April 17 appear to have slammed into Ikeya-Zhang's ion tail each about a day or so after leaving the sun. None of the CMEs distorted the comet's tail for more than an hour.
"On their own, the images were fascinating," Jones said. "But it was only when we put them all together that we saw how the changes were occurring that we realized what was happening."
Sights from SOHO
Past observations had suggested that CMEs belched from the sun could impact a comet's ion tail, including some images taken by the SOHO spacecraft last year.
During February 2003, SOHO caught the comet C/2002 V1 NEAT swing by the sun during a CME event, which researchers believed caused a kink in the icy wanderer's tail. The catch was a fortunate one, since NEAT's orbit brought it close to the sun in astronomical terms, about one-tenth the distance between Earth and the sun or 0.1 astronomical units. One astronomical unit, or AU, is about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers).
Ikeya-Zhang's closest approach was about five times farther out at 0.51 AU, at a distance where sun-watching spacecraft such as SOHO can't see.
"Our studies have been limited in the past because we're limited to observations from spacecraft that are just measuring what the solar activity is near the sun," Jones said.
Some instruments, such as the Solar Mass Ejection Imager aboard the Coriolis spacecraft in Earth orbit and the planned STEREO observatories, are seeking a wider view of CMEs, Biesecker added.
Amateur assets
Part of the success behind the Jones-Brandt study is due to the readily available network of amateur astronomers from around the world, who heeded an open call for observations when Ikeya-Zhang swung past the sun.
"Without the amateur astronomers, this research would not have been possible," Jones said. "It's a great example of how amateur astronomers and professionals can work together."
Jones hopes that cooperation will be repeated with a pair of comets that were observed earlier this year.
"They have more telescope time to themselves then we have sometimes as professional astronomers," said Biesecker of amateur skywatchers.