July's full moon may not technically be "super," but it is still a sight to see.
By most definitions, the full moon on Monday is not considered a "supermoon" — the full moon that occurs each year when the moon is closest to Earth — although the moon is still quite close to the planet. This year's supermoon fell in June, but the two full moons in the months which flank a supermoon are almost supermoons as well.
A full moon shined on May 25, at 12:25 a.m. ET at a distance of 223,327 miles (359,410 kilometers), only 1,503 miles (2,419 kilometers) farther away than the supermoon of June 23. [See amazing Supermoon photos from June 2013]
Monday's full moon will occur at 2:16 p.m. ET, so Americans will not get to see the exact moment it's full. Technically, folks in the eastern half of the country didn't see last month's supermoon at its peak because it set just before it was exactly full.
At moonrise around 8:17 p.m. ET on Monday (about six hours past full), the moon will be only 223,258 miles (359,299 kilometers) away — or 1,434 miles (2,308 kilometers) farther than the supermoon at its closest distance.
However, if you check out the nearly full moon at the stroke of midnight on the east coast of the United States on Sunday night or Monday morning, it will be only 222,758 miles (358,494 kilometers) away — just 934 miles (1,503 kilometers) farther away than the June supermoon, roughly the distance from Atlanta to Boston.
Supermoon postmortem
Now that the ballyhoo concerning last month's supermoon has subsided, I feel that I should correct a couple of points that were being bandied about by some media outlets.
Point 1: "The supermoon appeared 14 percent larger than normal."
This statement was incorrect. Assuming that "normal" refers to the moon's mean distance from Earth of 238,855 miles, the supermoon actually appeared 7.1 percent larger than normal, not 14 percent.
Perhaps those media outlets got it wrong in that the 14 percent really referred to the difference between the moon's closest point to Earth (perigee) versus its farthest point (apogee).
The absolute closest that the moon can come to Earth is 221,439 miles, and the absolute farthest distance is 252,724 miles. But that difference amounts to 12.38 percent; again, not 14 percent.
There were also a lot of images published on the Internet in advance of the June supermoon depicting exceedingly large full moons, implying that the moon was going to look amazingly large in the sky. But unless you caught the moon when it was either rising or setting — and appearing briefly larger than normal because of the "moon illusion" — June's full moon looked pretty much like any other full moon.
Point 2: "The Super Moon appeared 30 percent brighter than normal."
Again, this was an incorrect statement.
While the full moon's distance from Earth is one factor in determining its brightness, an even more important factor is the sun. When the Earth is near perihelion (the closest point to the sun), the moon receives more sunlight than under average circumstances. Conversely, when the Earth is near aphelion (farthest point from the sun) the moon receives less sunlight than average. Aphelion occurred less than two weeks after the June "supermoon."
The moon's perigee distance from Earth was 221,824 miles (356,991 kilometers). Let's suppose that a person saw the moon directly overhead, yielding a distance from Earth's surface to the moon's center of only 217,861 miles (350,613 kilometers). The Earth's distance to the sun at that same time was 1.016 astronomical units (one astronomical unit is the Earth's mean distance from the sun).
The mean distance of the Earth to the moon is 238,855 miles (384,400 km), and the mean Earth-sun distance is 1.0 AU. Because the apparent brightness of a body varies inversely as the square of its distance, we find that the full moon was (238,855/217,861)^2 x (1.0/1.016)^2 = 1.164 as bright as, or 16.4 percent brighter than, a "normal" full moon. [Supermoon shines over the Washington Monument (Photo)]
It's likely that the people citing the 30 percent figure again got their semantics wrong. They meant to say that the supermoon was 30 percent brighter than when the moon is at apogee (farthest from Earth). But was that 30 percent value valid? The full moon of Jan. 16, 2014, will be at apogee; so how much brighter is June's full moon compared to next January?
I did the calculation and found that it was 25.9 percent brighter. Not quite 30 percent.
That, incidentally, corresponds to a ridiculously small increase of just 0.25 of a magnitude. And yet, a friend of mine told me that she was expecting the June supermoon to look radically brighter: "Like with those 3-way light bulbs," she said. "I thought it was going to be like turning the moonlight up a notch."
I wouldn't be surprised if that was what many were expecting to see last month. But so far as full moons are concerned, an increase of 0.25 magnitude is hardly perceptible to the eye. So the supermoon did not really look much different compared to other full moons.
Redefining the term supermoon
The term supermoon is not astronomical, but originated in modern astrology.
It was first used by astrologer Richard Nolle in 1979, who arbitrarily defined it as "a new or full moon which occurs with the moon at or near (within 90 percent of) its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit (perigee)."
Even though the term supermoon was created more than 30 years ago, it didn't really catch on until March 2011 when the full moon arrived at an exceptionally close perigee distance, coming within 126 miles (203 kilometers) of its closest possible approach to Earth. Suddenly, the term went viral.
Now, it appears that it will be used every time a full moon coincides with perigee. On average, the moon becomes full within a few hours of perigee about once a year. The next time this will happen will be on Aug. 10, 2014.
Maybe the supermoon moniker shouldn't be used so often. For the moon to be truly super, maybe it needs to come exceptionally close, as it did in March 2011.
How close? Why not define it as within 0.001 percent of its closest possible approach? That's 221,439 to 221,660 miles (356,372 to 356,727 kilometers). Using this criterion, last month's full moon would not have been ranked as a supermoon, and neither will the full moon in August 2014.
In fact, the next supermoon would not come until Nov. 14, 2016, when the full moon will be 221,524 miles (356,508 kilometers) away or within 85 miles (137 kilometers) of its closest possible approach.
Visually, you probably won't notice anything unusual about that moon in 2016 either, but if you're looking for a full moon that's truly going to be close, mark your calendars.
Editor's note: If you have an amazing night sky photo of any celestial sight that you'd like to share for a possible story or image gallery, please contact Space.com Managing Editor Tariq Malik at spacephotos@space.com.
Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmer's Almanac and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, N.Y. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.